Spartacus (1960 film)

Spartacus
Theatrical Poster by Reynold Brown
Directed by	Stanley Kubrick
Produced by	Edward Lewis Kirk Douglas (Executive producer)
Written by	Dalton Trumbo Howard Fast (Novel)
Starring	Kirk Douglas Laurence Olivier Peter Ustinov John Gavin Jean Simmons Charles Laughton Tony Curtis
Music by	Alex North
Cinematography	Russell Metty Stanley Kubrick (uncredited)
Editing by	Robert Lawrence
Distributed by	Universal Pictures
Release date(s)	October 7, 1960 (1960-10-07)
Running time	184 minutes
Country	United States
Language	English
Budget	$12 million
Gross revenue	$60 million

Spartacus is a 1960 American historical drama movie directed by Stanley Kubrick and based on the novel of the same name by Howard Fast about the historical life of Spartacus and the Third Servile War. The film stars Kirk Douglas as rebellious slave Spartacus and Laurence Olivier as his foe, the Roman general and politician Marcus Licinius Crassus. The film also stars Peter Ustinov (who won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as slave trader Lentulus Batiatus), John Gavin (as Julius Caesar), Jean Simmons, Charles Laughton, John Ireland, Herbert Lom, Woody Strode, Tony Curtis, John Dall and Charles McGraw. The titles were designed by Saul Bass.^[1]

Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Screenplay development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Music 4 Re-releases and restoration 5 Historical inaccuracies 6 Awards and nominations 6.1 Academy Awards 7 Critical reception 8 I am Spartacus! 9 References 10 External links

Plot

The film begins with slaves working in the Roman province of Libya. Spartacus (Kirk Douglas), a burly Thracian, comes to the aid of an old man who has fallen down. A Roman soldier whips Spartacus and tells him to get back to work, only to be attacked and bitten on the ankle. For this, Spartacus is tied up and sentenced to death by starvation. Lentulus Batiatus (Peter Ustinov), a lanista (an impresario of gladiatorial games), arrives looking for recruits for his gladiatorial establishment. He inspects several slaves before finally settling on Spartacus, recognizing his unbroken spirit, along with his good health and physical condition. Batiatus purchases Spartacus and several others, then sails for Capua where his gladiatorial training camp is located. The trainer, Marcellus (Charles McGraw), immediately tries to provoke Spartacus into giving the trainer a reason to kill the Thracian as an example. Spartacus also befriends another gladiator, Crixus (John Ireland).

After several scenes showing gladiator training and life at the school, Crassus (Laurence Olivier) arrives with some companions, wishing to be entertained by watching two pairs of gladiators fight to the death. Spartacus is selected along with Crixus, an Ethiopian named Draba (Woody Strode), and another gladiator named Galino. Crixus and Galino are the first to fight, and Crixus slays Galino. Next, Spartacus duels Draba and is defeated. Draba, however refuses to kill him, instead throwing his trident into the elevated spectators' box and leaping to attack the Romans. During Draba's climb to the box, a guard throws a spear which lands in his back, painfully wounding him at the feet of Crassus, who quickly dispatches the slave and prepares to depart. As he leaves, he purchases the pretty slave woman, Varinia (Jean Simmons) from Batiatus, whom Batiatus has assigned to Spartacus. Spartacus and Varinia have fallen in love, and in frustration at his loss and the overseer's callous treatment, Spartacus begins a successful uprising. The gladiators eventually take Capua and all the surrounding districts. Many local slaves flock to the insurgents. Spartacus outlines his plan to escape by sea from the port of Brundisium, aboard the ships of the Cilician pirates, whom he plans to pay from the slaves' plunder.

In the Senate of Rome, plebeian senator Sempronius Gracchus (Charles Laughton) cunningly manipulates Crassus's protege and friend Marcus Glabrus (John Dall) into taking six cohorts of the Garrison of Rome out to crush the revolt, leaving the way open for Gracchus's ally, Julius Caesar (John Gavin) to take command of the garrison during the absence of Glabrus. Meanwhile, Crassus receives new slaves as a gift from the governor of Sicily. Among them is Antoninus (Tony Curtis), a former children's tutor from Sicily. After Crassus intimidates him, Antoninus soon runs away to join Spartacus.

Spartacus and Crixus review some new recruits, assigning them positions according to their skills. Antoninus, who is among them, identifies himself as a poet and illusionist. Later he entertains the slave army, but he is determined to be a soldier, indirectly commenting on the relation between politics and art. Spartacus is reunited with Varinia, who had escaped from Batiatus, only to end up the property of yet another master. After assaulting and destroying six cohorts of the Garrison of Rome, Spartacus and his army continue on toward the sea. A humiliated Glabrus returns to Rome, with only fourteen other known survivors of the attack. After a senate hearing, Crassus is forced to banish Glabrus from Rome for his carelessness.

Rome keeps sending armies to put down the rebellion, but Spartacus defeats them all; one such defeat at Metapontum costs the Romans 19,000 men. Crassus resigns from the Senate, supposedly to share the disgrace of his exiled friend Glabrus. However, Gracchus suspects that he is merely waiting for the situation to become so desperate that the senators will make him dictator, thus neutralizing Gracchus's rival plebeian party. Gracchus, for his own purposes, maneuvers to help the slaves to escape in order to deny Crassus his opportunity. A disgusted Caesar betrays Gracchus, however, and Crassus reaches deep into his own pockets to defeat the plan.

When the former slaves reach the coast, they discover that the Cilicians have been bought off by Crassus. The Cilician envoy (Herbert Lom) offers to convey Spartacus, along with the pregnant Varinia and Spartacus's senior officers, to Asia to live like kings. Spartacus, however, is unwilling to abandon his army. Spartacus finds himself trapped between three Roman armies (Pompey in Calabria, Lucullus in Brundisium and the legions of Crassus in Rome)The Roman deployment has maneuvered Spartacus into a position where he can be trapped between two Roman armies, and his only other choice is to fight his way through to Rome itself, a strategy with little chance of success. Meanwhile, the Senate gives Crassus the sweeping powers he desires. In parallel scenes, Spartacus harangues the slaves, while Crassus warns against the elimination of patrician privileges. Batiatus is hired by Crassus to help him identify Spartacus after his expected capture, and is in turn promised the dealership of the survivors of Spartacus's army after its defeat.

The climactic battle begins with Spartacus leading his troops, men and women, against Crassus and his own legions. During the fighting, the slaves initially enjoy some success, but later on Crixus is killed, and the slave forces are overwhelmed by the arrival of the armies of Pompey and Lucullus. The battle results in the total defeat of the rebel army, heavy casualties on both sides, and the capture of many survivors, including Spartacus and Antoninus. Crassus promises the captives that they will not be punished if they will identify Spartacus or his body. Spartacus and Antoninus stand up, but before Spartacus can speak, Antoninus shouts "I'm Spartacus!" One by one, each surviving slave stands, shouting out "I'm Spartacus!" Crassus condemns them all to be crucified along the Appian Way from the battlefield to the gates of Rome, against Batiatus's wishes. He saves Antoninus and Spartacus for last, recognizing the former and recalling the latter's face and name from his visit to Capua. The slaves are marched along the Appian Way, where, one by one, they are crucified.

Meanwhile, Batiatus sees that the revenge of Crassus denies him the promised lucrative auction of the surviving slaves. Varinia and her first born son, recovered from the battlefield, are taken to Crassus's home. Crassus tries to use Varinia as a love slave, and he unsuccessfully tries to woo her. In his last act before committing suicide, the disgraced Gracchus generously hires Batiatus to steal Varinia from Crassus, then grants freedom for her and her son, personally writing out manumission documents for them. After they leave, Gracchus examines two daggers, looks at one and says "Hmm... prettier". Grabbing one dagger and putting down the other, he goes into the adjoining room, closing the curtains behind him as he leaves.

Meanwhile, prior to execution, Spartacus talks of how he saw slaves "rise up from the dust" to challenge Rome. Crassus arrives and orders Spartacus and Antoninus to duel to the death, too impatient to wait for the next day's celebrations in which the pair was to figure, and furious at Spartcus's refusal to confirm his identity, Crassus declares that the winner will be crucified. Each man tries to kill the other, to spare his companion a slow, agonizing death on the cross. After killing Antoninus, Spartacus is informed that Varinia and her son are slaves of Crassus, and he is then crucified by the walls of Rome. Crassus admits to Caesar that he now and for the first time fears Spartacus, who has become a martyr, even more than he fears Caesar himself, foreshadowing events to come.

Batiatus and Varinia leave for Gaul via the Appian Way and find Spartacus hanging on the last cross by the road, not quite dead. Varinia shows Spartacus their newborn son, vowing that he will grow up a free man, promises to tell her son, "Who his father was, and what he dreamed of," and bids Spartacus a final farewell. With one last breath, Spartacus's head slumps back, and Varinia gets back onto the wagon and rides on.

Cast

• Kirk Douglas as Spartacus, a Thracian slave working in Libya, who is purchased by the lanista Lentulus Batiatus, and trained as a gladiator. He later leads the revolt at the gladiatorial school, which spreads throughout the countryside.
• Laurence Olivier as Crassus, a patrician with an obsessive love of the city of Rome and its old tradition of patrician rule. As the wealthiest man in Rome, he vies for power in the Roman Senate and thinks little of Spartacus's rebellion. When Douglas approached Olivier, after they had known each other from working together on The Devil's Disciple, the Academy-award-winning British actor suggested he play Spartacus, much to Douglas's dismay. However, Olivier later accepted the supporting role.
• Jean Simmons as Varinia, a slave girl from Britannia working for Batiatus, who falls in love with Spartacus and eventually becomes his loving wife, and gives birth to a son. Academy Award–nominee Simmons had played many roles in notable British films (Great Expectations, Black Narcissus, Olivier's Hamlet), and had made a successful transition to Hollywood. This was one of her numerous leading roles.
• Charles Laughton as Gracchus, a dedicated Roman senator who is Crassus's only real opposition. He is a Republican and a crooked pragmatist whose lack of scruples in his political dealings is his ultimate downfall. However, he was willing to help Batiatus seek revenge on Crassus. Academy Award–winner Laughton's career had dwindled somewhat since the late 1930s. This was one of his last major roles, before his death in 1962. He and Olivier shared a similar relationship to that of their respective characters, and reportedly weren't even told that the other had been cast before filming began.
• Peter Ustinov as Lentulus Batiatus, a shrewd, manipulative slave dealer, who purchases Spartacus, and ends up paying dearly for it. He blames Crassus for Spartacus's rebellion and for his poverty; therefore, he seeks revenge against Crassus and eventually settles that account with a little help from the Roman senator Gracchus. Peter Ustinov won his first Oscar for his role in this film (the second would come with Topkapi). Ustinov was a writer, director, and a distinguished raconteur. His performance was the only one that would win an Oscar from a Kubrick film.
• John Gavin as Julius Caesar, the young, ambitious, protege of Gracchus, who gains command of the Garrison of Rome during the chaos of the Spartacus rebellion. His support of Gracchus wanes as the rebellion becomes more serious and Caesar grows disgusted with Gracchus's perfidious attitude towards Spartacus, ultimately defecting to Crassus. Gavin is today best known as the lover of Marion Crane in Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho. He would later become the United States Ambassador to Mexico.
• Nina Foch as Helena Glabrus, a shrewd, maniplative sister of Marcus Publius Glabrus, who insists that Batiatus entertain them with two pairs of gladiators fighting to the death much to the slave dealer's dismay and horror. The Academy Award–nominated Foch had gained mainstream stardom in another epic, Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments.
• John Ireland as Crixus, one of Spartacus' most loyal lieutenants, and serves him until he is slain in the final battle. Academy Award–nominee Ireland normally played supporting roles akin to the one he played in Spartacus; he played a variety of supporting characters in Hollywood epics and Westerns, as well as larger roles in Italian sword and sandal films and spaghetti westerns.
• Herbert Lom as Tigranes Levantus, a Cilician pirate who agrees to take the slaves out of Italy. When Spartacus and his forces reach Brundisium, Levantus is forced to betray them, and takes no pride in it. Herbert Lom was a Czech who moved to Hollywood, eventually to gain his greatest fame as Inspector Dreyfuss in Blake Edwards' long-running film series The Pink Panther.
• John Dall as Marcus Publius Glabrus, a naïve protege of Crassus, who unwittingly plays into the hands of Gracchus. Academy Award–nominee Dall was an American actor who worked primarily in the theatre. His most famous screen role is as Brandon Shaw, one of the two murderers in Alfred Hitchcock's Rope. His character is loosely based on Gaius Claudius Glaber.
• Charles McGraw as Marcellus, the gruff and cruel gladiator trainer for Lentulus Batiatus. He dislikes Spartacus immediately and singles him out for extra training and punishment. He is killed by Spartacus during the revolt. McGraw was well known for playing heavies similar to his role in Spartacus. McGraw was a frequent collaborator with Anthony Mann, the film's original director, on films like Border Incident and Reign of Terror.
• Tony Curtis as Antoninus, a young Sicilian slave who leaves his master, Crassus, and joins Spartacus. At the conclusion of the movie Spartacus and Antoninus are forced to fight to the death in a gladiatorial match, the survivor to be crucified. Academy Award–nominee Curtis had recently had a huge success with Billy Wilder's Some Like It Hot, and Douglas wanted him for the film to add more "star power".
• Woody Strode as Draba, an Ethiopian being trained at the gladitorial school. Initially, Draba refuses to tell Spartacus his name, as he knows someday he might be matched with him in the ring: each would be obliged to kill the other. Soon afterward, they are matched and ordered to fight to the death: Draba defeats Spartacus but refuses to kill him; he instead attempts to kill the spectators, but he fails and is killed himself. His body is later hung up by his feet near the gladiators' quarters as an example, but it is removed after the revolt. A former football player and Olympic athlete, Strode was a frequently-used Hollywood character actor; aside from his role in Spartacus, Strode is probably best-known for his appearances in a number of classic Westerns, including Sergeant Rutledge, The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, The Professionals and Once Upon a Time in the West.

Production

The development of Spartacus was partly instigated by Kirk Douglas's failure to win the title role in William Wyler's Ben-Hur. Douglas had worked with Wyler before on Detective Story, and was disappointed when Wyler chose Charlton Heston instead. Not wanting to appear beaten, he decided to upstage Wyler, and create his own epic, Spartacus, with himself in the title role.

Screenplay development

Originally, Howard Fast was hired to adapt his own novel as a screenplay, but he experienced difficulty working in the screenplay format and was replaced by the blacklisted Dalton Trumbo, who worked under the pseudonym "Sam Jackson". Eventually, Kirk Douglas insisted that Trumbo be given screen credit for his authorship, which helped ultimately to break the blacklist.^[2] The filming was plagued by the conflicting visions of Kubrick and Trumbo: Kubrick, a young director at the time, did not have the degree of control he would later have over his films, and the final product is more a result of Trumbo's optimistic screenplay than it is of Stanley Kubrick's trademark cynicism; Kubrick complained, in fact, that the character of Spartacus had no faults or quirks, and would later disown the film.^[3]

Filming

After David Lean turned down an offer to direct, Spartacus was originally to be directed by veteran Anthony Mann, then best-known for his Westerns like Winchester '73 and The Naked Spur. However, at the end of the first week of shooting, in which the opening sequence in the quarry had been filmed, Mann was fired by Douglas. "He seemed scared of the scope of the picture," wrote Douglas in his autobiography; yet a year later Mann would embark on another epic of similar size, El Cid. Indeed, the dismissal (or resignation) of Mann still remains mysterious since the opening sequences, filmed at Death Valley, Nevada, admirably set the style for the rest of the movie - Metty's camera achieving breathtaking vistas, Douglas is effectively silent while Peter Ustinov deftly establishes his character as the slave trader. Thirty-year-old Stanley Kubrick was hired to take over. He had already directed four productions (including Paths of Glory, also starring Douglas), but only two had been feature length films. Spartacus was a bigger project by far, with a budget of $12 million and a cast of 10,500, a daunting project for such a young director (although his contract did not give him complete control over the filming), but Kubrick gave no indication of being overwhelmed. Shortly after taking over, Kubrick effectively fired cinematographer Russell Metty and took over the film's lighting work himself, although Metty remained contracted and credited as cinematographer to avoid legal wrangling, and would in fact win an Oscar for "his" work on the film.

Spartacus was filmed using the 35 mm Technirama format and then blown up to 70 mm film. This was a change for Kubrick, who preferred using square-format ratios. Kubrick found working outdoors or in real locations to be distracting and thus preferred to film in the studio. He believed the actors would benefit more from working on a sound stage, where they could fully concentrate. To create the illusion of the large crowds that play such an essential role in the film, Kubrick's crew used three-channel sound equipment to record 76,000 spectators at a Michigan State – Notre Dame college football game shouting "Hail, Crassus!" and "I'm Spartacus!"

The intimate scenes were filmed in Hollywood, but Kubrick insisted that all battle scenes be filmed on a vast plain outside Madrid. Eight thousand trained soldiers from the Spanish infantry were used to double as the Roman army. Kubrick directed the armies from the top of specially constructed towers. However, he eventually had to cut all but one of the gory battle scenes, due to negative audience reactions at preview screenings.

In the final crucifixion scene, an extra accidentally slipped off the temporary bicycle seats they were standing on, and nearly died.

Music

The original score for Spartacus was composed and conducted by six-time Academy Award nominee Alex North. It is considered one of his best works, and a textbook example of how modernist compositional styles can be adapted to the Hollywood leitmotif technique. North's score is epic, as befits the scale of the film. After extensive research of music of that period, North gathered a collection of antique instruments that, while not authentically Roman, provided a strong dramatic effect. These instruments included a Sarrusophone, Israeli recorder, Chinese oboe, lute, mandolin, Yugoslav flute, kythara, dulcimer, and bagpipes. North's prize instrument was the Ondioline, similar to an earlier version of the electronic synthesizer, which had never been used in film before. Much of the music is written without a tonal center, or flirts with tonality in ways that most film composers wouldn't allow. One theme is used to represent both slavery and freedom, but is given different values in different scenes, so that it sounds like different themes. The love theme for Spartacus and Varinia is the most accessible theme in the film, and there is a harsh trumpet figure for Crassus.

The soundtrack album runs less than forty-five minutes and is not very representative of the score. There were plans to re-record a significant amount of the music with North's friend and fellow film composer Jerry Goldsmith, but the project kept getting delayed until Goldsmith's death in 2004. There have been numerous bootlegs, but none of them have good sound quality.

Re-releases and restoration

The film was re-released in 1967 (in a version 23 minutes shorter than the original release), and again in 1991 with the same 23 minutes restored by Robert A. Harris, plus an additional 14 minutes that had been cut from the film before its original release. This addition includes several violent battle sequences as well as a bath scene in which the Roman patrician and general Crassus (Olivier) attempts to seduce his slave Antoninus (Curtis) using the analogy of "eating oysters" and "eating snails" to express his opinion that sexual preference is a matter of taste rather than morality.

When the film was restored (two years after Olivier's death) the original dialogue recording of this scene was missing, and so it had to be re-dubbed. Tony Curtis, by then 66, was able to re-record his part, but Crassus's voice is actually an impersonation of Olivier by actor Anthony Hopkins, a talented mimic who had been a protege of Olivier during his days as the National Theatre's Artistic Director, and knew his voice well.

Some four minutes of the film, however, are lost, due to Universal's mishandling of its film prints in the 1970s. These scenes extend on the character of Gracchus (Laughton), including a scene where he commits suicide. The audio tracks of these scenes have survived and are included on the Criterion Collection DVD, alongside production stills of some of the lost footage.

Historical inaccuracies

The historical inaccuracies of the film are legion. Among the most notable are:

• The historical Spartacus was not born into slavery but enslaved either after being captured in war or after deserting from the Roman Army. There is no evidence he worked in the mines of Libya.
• The Retiarii gladiator type did not exist until the 1st century AD.
• The character of Gracchus is anachronistic. The most significant Gracchi were Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus and Gaius Sempronius Gracchus who were both revolutionary political figures active from 133 to 121 BC. The cinematic Gracchus is a composite of the two historical figures and their populist political stance, as well as their tendency to break with tradition in favor of expediency.
• No garrison of Rome existed in 71 BC. City guards were tasked with protecting the city and policing its streets. The Praetorian Guard - as depicted in the film - was created by Emperor Augustus half a century later.
• Crassus was never made dictator of Rome and was never honoured with a Roman triumph but only with the lesser ovation, the honour due to victors in civil wars.

Awards and nominations

Academy Awards

Award[4]	Winner(s)
Best Actor in a Supporting Role	Peter Ustinov
Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Color	Alexander Golitzen Eric Orbom Russell A. Gausman Julia Heron
Best Cinematography, Color	Russell Metty
Best Costume Design, Color	Arlington Valles Bill Thomas
Nominations
Best Film Editing	Robert Lawrence
Best Music, Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture	Alex North

Spartacus has been on 5 different AFI 100 Years... lists including #62 for thrills, #22 for heroes, #44 for cheers and #81 for overall movies.

In June 2008, AFI revealed its "Ten top Ten"—the best ten films in ten "classic" American film genres—after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. Spartacus was acknowledged as the fifth best film in the epic genre.^[5][6]

Critical reception

Critics such as Roger Ebert have argued that the film has flaws, though his review is generally positive otherwise.^[7] Bosley Crowther called it a "spotty, uneven drama."^[8] It has a 95% (fresh) rating on Rotten Tomatoes.^[9]

I am Spartacus!

In the climactic scene recaptured slaves are asked to identify Spartacus in exchange for leniency; instead they proclaim themselves to be Spartacus and thus share his fate. The documentary Trumbo^[2] suggests that this scene was meant to dramatize the solidarity of those accused of being Communist sympathizers during the McCarthy Era who refused to implicate others, and thus were blacklisted.

This scene has been widely referenced and parodied in a range of different media. The 1964 Soviet-Cuban film I Am Cuba has a scene in which three captured Cuban guerrillas claim one after another "I am Fidel!". There is an "I am Malcolm X!" montage at the end of Malcolm X, and several people declare themselves drag queens to prevent one from being arrested in To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar. South Park parodies the scene in the episode "Two Days Before the Day After Tomorrow", as does the series finale of Power Rangers in Space, the episode of Futurama entitled "A Tale of Two Santas", a Cyanide and Happiness short clip and the episode of Undergrads "Traditions".

The 1979 film The Life of Brian reverses the scene by depicting an entire group undergoing crucifixion all claiming to be Brian who it has just been announced is eligible for release ("I'm Brian" "No I'm Brian" "I'm Brian and so's my wife.")

Punk singer and lyricist Ian Dury was inspired by the line while writing a song for The Year Of The Disabled. The song, Spasticus Autisticus, which ends with many people screaming "I'M SPASTICUS" in homage to the scene.

The 1996 film That Thing You Do! has a recurring line in which the character Guy Patterson refers to himself as Spartacus.

The 1997 film In & Out has a scene in which a number of students stand up and claim to be gay in support of their teacher.

The 1998 film The Mask of Zorro has a scene in which the prison guards, directed by the antagonist Don Rafael Montero, demand that Zorro reveal himself. Diego De La Vega (the original Zorro) stays silent as many of the prisoners proclaim themselves to be Zorro, to the point of arguing and fighting amongst themselves.

In 2001, the Nickelodeon t.v. show Fairly Odd Parents, had an episode which climaxed when all the parents searched for a kid who offended them named Double T, and a group of kids subsequently shouted, "I'm Double T!"

The 2005 film Colour Me Kubrick, inspired by the impersonation in real-life of Spartacus director Stanley Kubrick, pays reference to the 'Spartacus moment' with con-man Alan Conway finally frustrated in his impersonation by fellow inmates of a mental asylum all declaring "I'm Stanley Kubrick".

In 2005, Pepsi aired a commercial where a Roman general announced that a package (a 12oz can of Pepsi) had arrived for Spartacus, and asked if he was there to claim it. Using the original footage from the Kubrick film, everyone immediately claimed to be Spartacus in an attempt to get the beverage for himself, resulting in the general drinking it himself. The commercial contains licensed footage from the original film.

During the Monk episode "Mr. Monk Meets The Red-Headed Stranger" when the police ask who is Willie Nelson (after accusing him of murder), everyone in the room replies, "I'm Willie Nelson!"

During the Chuck episode "Chuck Versus The Sizzling Shrimp, the character Jeff Barnes uses the line after draining half a soda in one gulp.

In May 2007 British soldiers in Iraq were reported to be wearing t-shirts bearing the statement "I'm Harry!" in reference to the debate over whether Prince Harry should serve a tour of duty there.^[10]

The 2008 Phantom Regiment Drum and Bugle Corps from Rockford, IL, won their 2nd World Championship with a program based on Spartacus (although not a literal retelling of the ballet, as in their 1981 and 1982 programs). Near the end of the show, one of the drum majors shouts "I...am Spartacus," and in addition to the color guard and other members of the corps echoing it, members of the audience also joined in.

In the 7th episode, "Great and Unfortunate Things," of the TV series Spartacus: Blood and Sand, the final scene includes the title character, played by Andy Whitfield, shouting "I am Spartacus!" to the crowd at the gladitorial arena at Capua after defeating six men dressed as his countrymen as a way of declaring his acceptance of his new life as a Roman gladiator.

References

External links

• Spartacus at the Internet Movie Database
• Spartacus at Allmovie
• Spartacus at Rotten Tomatoes
• Criterion Collection essay by Stephen Farber
• I Am Spartacus at TV Tropes Wiki
• Full movie available for online viewing at Fancast.com

Films directed by Stanley Kubrick 1950s Flying Padre (1951) · Day of the Fight (1951) · Fear and Desire (1953) · The Seafarers (1953) · Killer's Kiss (1955) · The Killing (1956) · Paths of Glory (1957) 1960s Spartacus (1960) · Lolita (1962) · Dr. Strangelove (1964) · 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) 1970s A Clockwork Orange (1971) · Barry Lyndon (1975) 1980s The Shining (1980) · Full Metal Jacket (1987) 1990s Eyes Wide Shut (1999)

Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama A Place in the Sun (1951) · The Greatest Show on Earth (1952) · On the Waterfront (1954) · East of Eden (1955) · Around the World in 80 Days (1956) · The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) · The Defiant Ones (1958) · Ben-Hur (1959) · Spartacus (1960)  · (1951–1960) · (1961–1980) · (1981–2000) · (2001–present)